The corrosion behavior and mechanism of X65 steel induced by iron‐oxidizing bacteria in the seawater environment

The corrosion behavior and mechanism of iron‐oxidizing bacteria (IOB) on X65 steel in seawater are studied. This study uses the methods of weight loss, electrochemical measurements, and surface analysis. The results show that the IOB increases the corrosion damage degree of steel. Pittings are observed in the medium with IOB. The potentiodynamic polarization curves show that the anodic reaction rate is accelerated in the corrosion process of IOB. The synergies in corrosion between the metal surface, abiotic corrosion products, and bacterial cells, and the pitting corrosion mechanism of X65 steel are discussed.     

高炉炉缸凝铁层的组成分析与导热系数测定

摘要：高炉炉缸内衬表面形成稳定的凝铁层将保护高炉炭砖并延长高炉寿命。利用光学数码显微镜观察统计分析高炉凝铁层生产样品，探究不同焦炭体积占比对凝铁层导热系数的影响。利用元素分析（XRF）、X射线衍射分析（XRD）、扫描电镜(SEM-EDS)等手段分析凝铁层的组成，并观察其微观形貌。利用瞬态平面热源法（TPS）测定凝铁层的导热系数，进一步分析其组成与导热系数之间的关系。结果表明,凝铁层由铁、充满铁水的焦炭、石墨碳、少量渣相组成，凝铁层内部没有气隙。凝铁层生产样品的导热系数测定范围为27.21～97.38W/(m·K)，导热系数（λ）与其组成的焦炭面积比（Sc=22%～48%）之间的线性关系为：λ=-257.47Sc +157.65。模拟实验凝铁层的导热系数范围为30.54～53.95W/(m·K)，该值远大于目前数学模型中采用的凝铁层导热系数（2～4W/m·K），随着焦炭粒度的增加，凝铁层的导热系数先增加后减小。凝铁层中导热系数（λ）与焦炭体积分数Vc（Vc=39%～50%）的线性关系为：λ=-80.50Vc +78.56。研究结果进一步明确了凝铁层的物相组成及其导热系数，为高炉长寿的研究指明了方向。     

Co-products of beef processing enhance non-haem iron absorption in an in vitro digestion/caco-2 cell model

Beef processing produces high volumes of protein rich, low value, ‘waste’ co-products such as offal. Beef improves uptake of low bioavailable non-haem iron (found in vegetables, fortificants, supplements) and this effect is dubbed the ‘meat-factor’, although the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we investigate whether bovine co-products (kidney, lung, heart) not previously studied share this enhancing potential. This was determined by coupled in vitro digestion of co-products and subsequent caco-2 cell ferritin formation (an intracellular iron storage protein). In this study we show that bovine co-products significantly increase caco-2 cells’ response to non-haem iron from infant rice cereal. The presence of these co-products, (kidney, lung and heart), increased relative uptake (by 207.13%, 171.21%, 265.28%, respectively), to a greater extent than beef (30.23%). Our findings present a novel function for co-products of beef processing that may have potential as food ingredients to improve non-haem iron bioavailability, thus adding value.     

Phase and microstructural evolution in lithium silicate glass-ceramics with externally added nucleating agent

Development of lithium disilicate-based glass-ceramics critically depends on use of nucleating agent in the glass matrix. The present study reports the effect of externally added nucleating agent Li₃PO₄ in Li₂O–K₂O–MgO–ZnO–ZrO₂–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ system which is compared with a reference composition (GC1) (SiO₂:Li₂O = 2.16:1) prepared with in situ formed Li₃PO₄. For externally added Li₃PO₄, two compositions were studied. In one case (GC2) before addition of Li₃PO₄, SiO₂:Li₂O ratio in glass was maintained as 2.87:1 and in another case (GC3) SiO₂:Li₂O ratio in glass was maintained same as reference GC1 that is, 2.16:1. The glasses were characterized by using MAS-NMR spectroscopy. Sintering and crystallization behavior of the glass-ceramics was characterized by using XRD, SEM, DTA. Due to in situ formation of Li₃PO₄, GC1 resulted in a dense sample with finer crystals of lithium disilicate. In GC2 and GC3, externally added lithium phosphate, which was in the form of ultrafine aggregated particles, formed flower-like colonies of radially outward crystals. Higher SiO₂:Li₂O ratio in GC2 resulted in lithium disilicate crystals and high viscous glass causing large air entrapment and so less densification. GC3 with higher lithia in glass showed higher densification than GC2 but only lithium metasilicate crystals were formed.     

Strain rate and orientation-dependent strain hardening of Mg–9Li–Al using crystal plasticity

A crystal plasticity finite element model was proposed considering slip and twinning interactions. The grain morphology and crystallographic orientations were introduced into the model to describe the microstructure of duplex polycrystalline Mg–9Li–Al. The activation of the slip systems and the strain localisation with respect to initial grain orientations were investigated. In addition, the effects of phase distributions and volume fractions on the macroscopic responses and on strain hardening rates were analysed. The results show that the strain hardening is rate-dependent but the texture is less sensitive to strain rate. The distribution of a phase and its volume fraction play primary roles in governing the mechanical response.     

FexCo1−x-doped titanium oxide nanotubes as effective photocatalysts for hydrogen extraction from ammonium phosphate

Theoretically, tri-ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄ embeds considerable amount of hydrogen. Typically, the expected hydrogen release from this cheap and stable material is 73.83 mmol/g_salt if a proper catalyst is exploited in the hydrolysis reaction. In this study Fe_xCo_1?x-doped titanium oxide nanotubes are introduced as an efficient photocatalyst under solar radiation. The introduced modified titanium oxide nanotubes have been prepared in two successive steps. First, Na-doped TiO₂ nanotubes were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment in presence of 10 N NaOH solution at 160 °C for 16 h. Then, doping by the proposed metals was carried out by ion exchange process in a microwave oven. X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the success of the doping process and the nanotubular morphology, respectively. Study the photo characteristics indicated that the proposed metal doping shifted the band gap from UV to the visible light region as the estimated band gap energies for the as-prepared and doped nanotubes were 3.4 and 2.1 eV, respectively. Moreover, distinct enhancement for the visible light absorption capacity was observed. Accordingly, a distinguished improvement in the photocatalytic activity toward tri-ammonium phosphate hydrolysis was observed. However, the two metals content has a strong influence on the amount of the obtained hydrogen per gram of tri-ammonium phosphate salt. Numerically, the maximum obtained hydrogen was 4.0, 11.2, 11.2, 11.6, 13.4, 16.5, 17.4, 13.4 and 9.8 mmol/g_salt for the pristine TiO₂, and Fe_xCo_1?x-doped TiO₂ with x = 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.0, respectively.     

One‐Step Construction of N,P‐Codoped Porous Carbon Sheets/CoP Hybrids with Enhanced Lithium and Potassium Storage

Despite the desirable advancement in synthesizing transition‐metal phosphides (TMPs)‐based hybrid structures, most methods depend on foreign‐template‐based multistep procedures for tailoring the specific structure. Herein, a self‐template and recrystallization–self‐assembly strategy for the one‐step synthesis of core–shell‐like cobalt phosphide (CoP) nanoparticles embedded into nitrogen and phosphorus codoped porous carbon sheets (CoP?NPPCS), is first proposed. Relying on the unusual coordination ability of melamine with metal ions and the cooperative hydrogen bonding of melamine and phytic acid to form a 2D network, a self‐synthesized single precursor can be attained. Importantly, this approach can be easily expanded to synthesize other TMPs?NPPCS. Due to the unique compositional and structural characteristics, these CoP?NPPCSs manifest outstanding electrochemical performances as anode materials for both lithium‐ and potassium‐ion batteries. The unusual hybrid architecture, the high specific surface area, and porous features make the CoP?NPPCS attractive for other potential applications, such as supercapacitors and electrocatalysis.     

基质囊泡及其在骨矿化过程中的作用

基质囊泡(Matrix vesicles,MVs)是骨矿物初始形核生长的场所。骨矿化过程中,钙、磷酸根等离子经通道蛋白跨膜运输进入MVs内,当局部浓度达到一定值时,磷酸钙晶体开始沉积。磷酸钙的存在形态包括无定形磷酸钙、磷酸八钙及羟基磷灰石等。MVs可以调节细胞内外基质中的钙和磷酸根离子的稳态及无机磷酸盐/无机焦磷酸盐的比值,提供磷酸钙晶体成核位点,在骨矿化的初始启动过程中发挥重要作用。本文概述了MVs的生物来源、分子组分、提取方法,MVs介导的骨矿化过程,以及近年来利用囊泡作为体外矿化模型模拟MVs矿化过程的研究进展。     

Synthesis of highly efficient,structurally improved Li4SiO4 sorbents for high-temperature CO2 capture

Li₄SiO₄ sorbents for high-temperature CO₂ removal have drawn extensive attention owing to their potential application in carbon capture and storage (CCS). The major challenge in the application lies in the poor CO₂ capture performance under realistic conditions of low CO₂ concentrations, owing to the dense structure and poor porosity. In this work, Li₄SiO₄ sorbents were prepared with porous micromorphologies and large contact areas using a variety of organometallic Li-precursors, achieving fast CO₂ sorption kinetics, high capacity and excellent cyclic stability at a low CO₂ concentration (15?vol%). It was found that a high conversion of ~?74% was maintained for pure Li₄SiO₄ even after 100 sorption/desorption cycles. Moreover, by doping with Na₂CO₃ to reduce the CO₂ diffusion resistance, the conversion of the sorbent was further enhanced to 93.2%. The enhancement mechanism of alkali carbonate have been proven here to be ascribed to the formation of the eutectic melt of Li/Na carbonates, the existence and function of which has been confirmed in this study.     

三氯化铁分光光度法测定药物中亚甲基二膦酸

通过三氯化铁与亚甲基二膦酸形成络合物，采用分光光度法，建立了注射用亚锡亚甲基二膦酸盐冻干药盒中亚甲基二膦酸含量的测定方法。结果表明，亚甲基二膦酸质量浓度在0.02~0.08 g/L范围内与吸光度A呈良好线性关系，线性回归方程y=14.61x+0.029 7，线性相关系数r=0.999 1。加标回收率为98.8%~102.0%，相对标准偏差为0.97%(n=6)。该方法可用于快速准确地测定注射用亚锡亚甲基二膦酸盐冻干药盒中亚甲基二膦酸的含量。